Empowerment is a form of participative management where employees share management responsibilities, including decision making. It encourages employees to take initiative and make decisions within their areas of responsibility.
An open-door policy is a management practice that encourages open communication between employees and management, and a national trading stance that ensures equal treatment for foreign and domestic entities.
Illegal union or management labor practices. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) determines whether a particular labor practice is an unfair labor practice subject to court appeal.
