Fascism
Definition
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian ultranationalistic political ideology that involves dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Fascism favors dictatorial forms of government, often led by a single leader, along with militant nationalism, racism, and the advocacy of industrial enterprises under strict governmental control.
Key Concepts
- Dictatorial Power: Absolute control by a leader or a small group.
- Nationalism: Extreme patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts, often to the exclusion or detriment of other nations.
- Racism: Discrimination or antagonism directed against people of other races.
- Government Control: Tight regulation and control over economic and social aspects of life.
- Militarism: Emphasis on military power and readiness for conflict.
Examples
- Italy (1922-1943): Under Benito Mussolini, characterized by aggressive nationalism, suppression of political dissidents, and efforts to create a totalitarian state.
- Germany (1933-1945): Under Adolf Hitler, epitomized by extreme racism, belief in the superiority of the Aryan race, and the genocidal policies of the Holocaust.
- Spain (1939-1975): Under Francisco Franco, reflected in a fascist style of governance with strict control over the economy and suppression of opposition.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What are the core principles of fascism?
A: The core principles include authoritarianism, extreme nationalism, racism, suppression of opposition, and centralized economic control.
Q: How does fascism differ from communism?
A: While both advocate for strong state control, fascism upholds private property under strict government regulation and emphasizes nationalism and racial purity. Communism advocates for state ownership of property and a classless, stateless society.
Q: Can fascism exist without racism?
A: Historically, racism has been integral to fascist regimes; however, it is theoretically possible for a fascist state to exist without the explicit racial doctrine.
Q: What were some methods of control used by fascist regimes?
A: Censorship, propaganda, political violence, suppression of free speech, and strict regulation of the economy were common methods.
Q: Are fascist symbols and ideas illegal?
A: This varies by country; in some places like Germany, Nazi symbols are banned, while in others, fascist rhetoric may be protected under freedom of speech.
Related Terms
- Totalitarianism: A form of government that permits no individual freedom and seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual’s life to the authority of the state.
- Authoritarianism: A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
- National Socialism: The fascist doctrines of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi Party), characterized by totalitarianism, dictatorial power, and anti-Semitic policies.
- Militarism: The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively.
- Corporatism: The practice of organizing society into industrial and professional corporations that serve as organs of political representation and exercising control over persons and activities within their jurisdiction.
Online References
- Encyclopaedia Britannica on Fascism
- History.com: What is Fascism?
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Fascism
Suggested Books for Further Studies
- “Fascism: A History” by Roger Eatwell
- “The Anatomy of Fascism” by Robert O. Paxton
- “Fascism: Past, Present, Future” by Walter Laqueur
- “The Origins of Totalitarianism” by Hannah Arendt
- “Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany” by E.V.R. Lumley
Fundamentals of Fascism: Political Doctrine Basics Quiz
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